in Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology (eds Clift, R. in The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management (ed. The Limits to Certainty, Facing Risks in the New Service Economy (Kluwer, 1989). in Our Fragile World: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Vol. in Handbook of Performability Engineering (ed. The Performance Economy (Palgrave, 2006). in The Circular Economy - A Wealth of Flows (ed. Jobs for Tomorrow: The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy ((Vantage Press, 1981).
The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016).
Selling services rather than goods is familiar in hotels and in public transport it needs to become mainstream in the consumer realm.Įllen MacArthur Foundation, World Economic Forum and McKinsey & Company.
And circular-economy concepts have been successfully applied on small scales since the 1990s in eco-industrial parks such as the Kalundborg Symbiosis in Denmark, and in companies that include Xerox (selling modular goods as services), Caterpillar (remanufacturing used diesel engines) and USM Modular Furniture. Since 2010, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, founded by the round-the-world yachtswoman, has been boosting awareness of the idea in manufacturers and policymakers. The European Commission submitted a Circular Economy Package to the European Parliament last December. The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra) and the EU Horizon 2020 programme published their first call for circular-economy proposals in 2014.
In the past decade, South Korea, China and the United States have started research programmes to foster circular economies by boosting remanufacturing and reuse.
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